We carried out Lugol’s and Lund’s tests, analysed the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and acidity of the honey samples, and determined their moisture, ash, reducing sugar, apparent sucrose, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and diastase contents. A total of 23 honey samples were collected from 11 cities of Rio Grande do Sul. In this work, we characterised honey samples of Apis mellifera from different cities of the Rio Grande do Sul state (southern Brazil), sold without any inspection. Environmental pollutants can reduce the quality of honey and represent a risk for consumers. Nevertheless, GH may have a strong potential in attenuating uterine and vaginal atrophies.īeehive products, including honey, are valuable environmental indicators, as bees transport compounds in the environment by transferring them to the hive. However, the dissonance observed in the effect of GH administration on the vaginal epithelium requires further investigation. GH attenuated the atrophy of the uterine and vaginal epithelia and increased the thickness of the endometrial stroma and endometrial surface endothelial layer. The physicochemical characteristics of GH were assessed through hydroxymethylfurfural and moisture content determination and sugar identification.

Rats were given oral doses of GH in four groups for 14 days the lowest dose was 0.2 g GH/kg body weight (bw) rat/day and the highest dose was 8 g GH/kg bw rat/day. Epithelia thickness could be an indicator of an atrophy manifesting as a symptom of a cardio syndrome. Herein, we investigated the effects of GH administration on the uterine and vaginal epithelial thickness of sexually mature Sprague–Dawley rats. However, the beneficial effect of GH on female reproductive tissue has yet to be substantiated. GH is a multifloral honey with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Gelam is an evergreen tree species that grows in tropical regions such as Malaysia. Gelam honey (GH) is a prized natural product synthesized from the nectar of flowers from Gelam trees (Melaleuca sp.).

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